Background: |
Ukraine was the center of the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, which during the 10th and 11th centuries was the largest and most powerful state in Europe. Weakened by internecine quarrels and Mongol invasions, Kievan Rus was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and eventually into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The cultural and religious legacy of Kievan Rus laid the foundation for Ukrainian nationalism through subsequent centuries. A new Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, was established during the mid-17th century after an uprising against the Poles. Despite continuous Muscovite pressure, the Hetmanate managed to remain autonomous for well over 100 years. During the latter part of the 18th century, most Ukrainian ethnographic territory was absorbed by the Russian Empire. Following the collapse of czarist Russia in 1917, Ukraine was able to bring about a short-lived period of independence (1917-20), but was reconquered and forced to endure a brutal Soviet rule that engineered two artificial famines (1921-22 and 1932-33) in which over 8 million died. In World War II, German and Soviet armies were responsible for some 7 to 8 million more deaths. Although final independence for Ukraine was achieved in 1991 with the dissolution of the USSR, democracy remained elusive as the legacy of state control and endemic corruption stalled efforts at economic reform, privatization, and civil liberties. A peaceful mass protest "Orange Revolution" in the closing months of 2004 forced the authorities to overturn a rigged presidential election and to allow a new internationally monitored vote that swept into power a reformist slate under Viktor YUSHCHENKO. The new government presents its citizens with hope that the country may at last attain true freedom and prosperity. |
| Location: |
Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland, Romania, and Moldova in the west and Russia in the east |
| Geographic coordinates: |
49 00 N, 32 00 E |
| Map references: |
Asia, Europe |
| Area: |
total: 603,700 sq km
land: 603,700 sq km
water: 0 sq km |
| Area - comparative: |
slightly smaller than Texas |
| Land boundaries: |
total: 4,663 km
border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km |
| Coastline: |
2,782 km |
| Maritime claims: |
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200-m or to the depth of exploitation |
| Climate: |
temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south |
| Terrain: |
most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaus, mountains being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south |
| Elevation extremes: |
lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
highest point: Hora Hoverla 2,061 m |
| Natural resources: |
iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulfur, graphite, titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber, arable land |
| Land use: |
arable land: 56.21%
permanent crops: 1.61%
other: 42.18% (2001) |
| Irrigated land: |
24,540 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Natural hazards: |
NA |
| Environment - current issues: |
inadequate supplies of potable water; air and water pollution; deforestation; radiation contamination in the northeast from 1986 accident at Chornobyl' Nuclear Power Plant |
| Environment - international agreements: |
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds |
| Geography - note: |
strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second-largest country in Europe |
| Population: |
47,425,336 (July 2005 est.) |
| Age structure: |
0-14 years: 15.6% (male 3,783,725/female 3,619,754)
15-64 years: 68.8% (male 15,619,989/female 16,992,628)
65 years and over: 15.6% (male 2,497,851/female 4,911,389) (2005 est.) |
| Median age: |
total: 38.22 years
male: 34.91 years
female: 41.21 years (2005 est.) |
| Population growth rate: |
-0.63% (2005 est.) |
| Birth rate: |
10.49 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
| Death rate: |
16.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
| Net migration rate: |
-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
| Sex ratio: |
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.51 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2005 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: |
total: 20.34 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 21.55 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 19.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: |
total population: 66.85 years
male: 61.6 years
female: 72.38 years (2005 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: |
1.4 children born/woman (2005 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: |
1.4% (2003 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: |
360,000 (2001 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: |
20,000 (2003 est.) |
| Nationality: |
noun: Ukrainian(s)
adjective: Ukrainian |
| Ethnic groups: |
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census) |
| Religions: |
Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev Patriarchate 19%, Orthodox (no particular jurisdiction) 16%, Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%, Protestant, Jewish, none 38% (2004 est.) |
| Languages: |
Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%; small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities |
| Literacy: |
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.6% (2003 est.) |
| People - note: |
the sex trafficking of Ukrainian women is a serious problem that has only recently been addressed |
| Country name: |
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Ukraine
local long form: none
local short form: Ukrayina
former: Ukrainian National Republic, Ukrainian State, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic |
| Government type: |
republic |
| Capital: |
Kiev (Kyyiv) |
| Administrative divisions: |
24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2 municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k, Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy, Kirovohrad, Kiev (Kyyiv)**, Kyyiv, Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya, Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya (Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyr
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses) |
| Independence: |
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union) |
| National holiday: |
Independence Day, 24 August (1991); the date of 22 January (1918), the day Ukraine first declared its independence (from Soviet Russia), is now celebrated as Unity Day |
| Constitution: |
adopted 28 June 1996 |
| Legal system: |
based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts |
| Suffrage: |
18 years of age; universal |
| Economy - overview: |
After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil generated more than one-fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment (for example, large diameter pipes) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites (vertical drilling apparatus) in other regions of the former USSR. Ukraine depends on imports of energy, especially natural gas, to meet some 85% of its annual energy requirements. Shortly after independence in December 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Loose monetary policies pushed inflation to hyperinflationary levels in late 1993. Ukraine's dependence on Russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the Ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. Ukrainian government officials have taken some steps to reform the country's Byzantine tax code, such as the implementation of lower tax rates aimed at bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed, including closing tax loopholes and eliminating tax privileges and exemptions. Reforms in the more politically sensitive areas of structural reform and land privatization are still lagging. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF - have encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms. GDP in 2000 showed strong export-based growth of 6% - the first growth since independence - and industrial production grew 12.9%. The economy continued to expand in 2001 as real GDP rose 9% and industrial output grew by over 14%. Growth of 4.6% in 2002 was more moderate, in part a reflection of faltering growth in the developed world. In general, growth has been undergirded by strong domestic demand, low inflation, and solid consumer and investor confidence. Growth was a sturdy 9.3% in 2003 and a remarkable 12% in 2004, despite a loss of momentum in needed economic reforms. |
| GDP: |
purchasing power parity - $299.1 billion (2004 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: |
12% (2004 est.) |
| GDP - per capita: |
purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2004 est.) |
| GDP - composition by sector: |
agriculture: 18%
industry: 45.1%
services: 36.9% (2004 est.) |
| Labor force: |
21.11 million (2004 est.) |
| Labour force - by occupation: |
agriculture 24%, industry 32%, services 44% (1996) |
| Unemployment rate: |
3.5% officially registered; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers; the International Labor Organization calculates that Ukraine's real unemployment level is around 9-10 percent (2004 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: |
29% (2003 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: |
lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 23.2% (1999) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: |
29 (1999) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): |
12% (2004 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): |
18.8% of GDP (2004 est.) |
| Budget: |
revenues: $13.57 billion
expenditures: $12.26 billion, including capital expenditures of NA; note - these estimates probably do not include the government's doubling of pensions in September of 2004 (2004 est.) |
| Public debt: |
24.7% of GDP (2004 est.) |
| Agriculture - products: |
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables; beef, milk |
| Industries: |
coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processing (especially sugar) |
| Industrial production growth rate: |
16.5% (2004 est.) |
| Electricity - production: |
180 billion kWh (2003) |
| Electricity - consumption: |
132 billion kWh (2003) |
| Electricity - exports: |
1.2 billion kWh (2002) |
| Electricity - imports: |
0 kWh (2002) |
| Oil - production: |
72,000 bbl/day (2003 est.) |
| Oil - consumption: |
303,000 bbl/day (2003 est.) |
| Oil - exports: |
NA |
| Oil - imports: |
NA |
| Oil - proved reserves: |
395 million bbl (9 November 2004) |
| Natural gas - production: |
19.6 billion cu m (2003 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: |
79.86 billion cu m (2003 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: |
5.8 billion cu m (2003 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: |
60.4 billion cu m (2003 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: |
560.7 billion cu m (9 November 2004) |
| Current account balance: |
$4.584 billion (2004 est.) |
| Exports: |
$32.91 billion (2004 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: |
ferrous and nonferrous metals, fuel and petroleum products, chemicals, machinery and transport equipment, food products |
| Exports - partners: |
Russia 17.4%, Turkey 7.1%, Italy 5.7% (2004) |
| Imports: |
$31.45 billion (2004 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: |
energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals |
| Imports - partners: |
Russia 31.9%, Germany 11.9%, Turkmenistan 5.8%, Italy 4.5% (2004) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: |
$11.33 billion (2004 est.) |
| Debt - external: |
$16.37 billion (2004 est.) |
| Economic aid - recipient: |
$637.7 million (1995); IMF Extended Funds Facility $2.2 billion (1998) |
| Currency (code): |
hryvnia (UAH) |
| Exchange rates: |
hryvnia per US dollar - 5.3192 (2004), 5.3327 (2003), 5.3266 (2002), 5.3722 (2001), 5.4402 (2000) |
| Fiscal year: |
calendar year |
| Telephones - main lines in use: |
10,833,300 (2002) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular: |
4.2 million (2002) |
| Telephone system: |
general assessment: Ukraine's telecommunication development plan, running through 2005, emphasizes improving domestic trunk lines, international connections, and the mobile cellular system
domestic: at independence in December 1991, Ukraine inherited a telephone system that was antiquated, inefficient, and in disrepair; more than 3.5 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied; telephone density is now rising slowly and the domestic trunk system is being improved; the mobile cellular telephone system is expanding at a high rate
international: country code - 380; two new domestic trunk lines are a part of the fiber-optic Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) system and three Ukrainian links have been installed in the fiber-optic Trans-European Lines (TEL) project that connects 18 countries; additional international service is provided by the Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia (ITUR) fiber-optic submarine cable and by earth stations in the Intelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik satellite systems |
| Radio broadcast stations: |
AM 134, FM 289, shortwave 4 (1998) |
| Television broadcast stations: |
at least 33 (plus 21 repeaters that relay broadcasts from Russia) (1997) |
| Internet country code: |
.ua |
| Internet hosts: |
94,345 (2004) |
| Internet users: |
3.8 million (2003) |
| Railways: |
total: 22,473 km
broad gauge: 22,473 km 1.524-m gauge (9,250 km electrified) (2004) |
| Highways: |
total: 169,679 km
paved: 164,249 km
unpaved: 5,430 km (2002) |
| Waterways: |
1,672 km (most on Dnieper River) (2004) |
| Pipelines: |
gas 20,069 km; oil 4,540 km; refined products 4,169 km (2004) |
| Ports and harbors: |
Berdyans'k, Feodosiya, Illichivs'k, Izmayil, Kerch, Kherson, Kiev (Kyyiv), Kiliya, Mariupol', Mykolayiv, Odesa, Reni, Sevastopol', Yalta, Yuzhnyy |
| Merchant marine: |
total: 201 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 675,904 GRT/709,802 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 148, container 4, passenger 7, passenger/cargo 6, petroleum tanker 10, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 7, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Russia 1)
registered in other countries: 113 (2005) |
| Airports: |
656 (2004 est.) |
| Airports - with paved runways: |
total: 174
over 3,047 m: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 57
1,524 to 2,437 m: 30
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 70 (2004 est.) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways: |
total: 482
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
914 to 1,523 m: 34
under 914 m: 428 (2004 est.) |
| Heliports: |
8 (2004 est.) |
| Military branches: |
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (Viyskovo-Povitryani Syly), Air Defense Forces (2002) |
| Military manpower - military age and obligation: |
18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 18 months for Army and Air Force, 24 months for Navy (2004) |
| Military manpower - availability: |
males age 18-49: 11,067,239 (2005 est.) |
| Military manpower - fit for military service: |
males age 18-49: 7,114,337 (2005 est.) |
| Military manpower - reaching military age annually: |
males: 378,176 (2005 est.) |
| Military expenditures - dollar figure: |
$617.9 million (FY02) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP: |
1.4% (FY02) |
Travel, Tourism and Holidays Specialists to Kiev, Around Ukraine and Crimea |
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